NHO. (2024). NHOs kompetansebarometer 2024. Næringslivets Hovedorganisasjon.
https://www.nho.no/publikasjoner/kompetansebarometer/nhos-kompetansebarometer-2024/
Pragmatikerne builds its policies on verifiable facts. Every claim in the party program should be traceable to a source. The references below are grouped thematically and follow the Norwegian APA 7 standard. All URLs were verified as of April 2026.
NHO. (2024). NHOs kompetansebarometer 2024. Næringslivets Hovedorganisasjon.
https://www.nho.no/publikasjoner/kompetansebarometer/nhos-kompetansebarometer-2024/
NAV. (2025). Omverdensanalysen 2025–2035: Utviklingstrekk og utfordringer i arbeids- og velferdsforvaltningen. Arbeids- og velferdsdirektoratet.
Statistisk sentralbyrå. (2026). Tilbud av og etterspørsel etter arbeidskraft, delt etter utdanning (Notat 2026/08).
Direktoratet for høyere utdanning og kompetanse. (2024). Rekrutteringsproblemer og mangel på arbeidskraft på kort sikt.
Statistisk sentralbyrå. (2025). Lønn: Statistikk over lønnsnivå og lønnsutvikling.
https://www.ssb.no/arbeid-og-lonn/lonn-og-arbeidskraftkostnader/statistikk/lonn
Lånekassen. (2025). Endringer for elever og studenter for studieåret 2025–2026: Satser og vilkår.
Lånekassen. (2022). Utdanningsstøtten 2022 — tall og fakta.
Uddannelses- og Forskningsministeriet. (2024). Statens Uddannelsesstøtte (SU) og SVU. UFM Danmark.
https://ufm.dk/arbejdsomraader/uddannelsesstoette/su-og-svu/
OECD. (2025). Taxing wages 2025: Tax and benefit systems in OECD countries. OECD Publishing.
https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/taxing-wages-2025_b3a95829-en.html
Finansdepartementet. (2025). Statsbudsjettet 2026: Statens inntekter og utgifter. Regjeringen.
Skatteetaten. (2025). Arbeidsgiveravgift: Satser og soner.
https://www.skatteetaten.no/en/rates/employers-national-insurance-contributions/
Huseierne. (2018). 1 av 10 benytter seg fortsatt av svart arbeid: Undersøkelse om svart arbeid i privatmarkedet.
https://www.huseierne.no/nyheter/1-av-10-benytter-seg-fortsatt-av-svart-arbeid/
Riksrevisionen. (2023). Svart på vitt — ROT-avdragets kostnader och effekter (RiR 2023:21). Riksrevisionen, Sverige.
Direktoratet for samfunnssikkerhet og beredskap. (2025). Elsikkerhet: Kvalifikasjoner, foretak og virksomhet.
https://www.dsb.no/elsikkerhet/kvalifikasjoner-foretak-og-virksomhet/
Arbeids- og inkluderingsdepartementet. (2025). Prop. 1 S (2025–2026): For budsjettåret 2026 [Proposition to Parliament].
https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/prop.-1-s-20252026/id3123398/
Sickness benefits: NOK 66.7 billion. Work assessment allowance: NOK 55.9 billion. Disability pension: NOK 140.6 billion. Total NOK 263 billion in the 2026 budget — all three items rising.
NAV. (2026, 25 February). Nedgang i sykefraværet i 2025 [Decline in sick leave in 2025].
32.7 million lost working days in 2025. 8.5 million due to mental health conditions — more than one in four. Mental health-related sickness absence up 45% in five years.
NAV. (2025). Utviklingstrekk i folketrygden: Helserelaterte ytelser [Trends in national insurance: Health-related benefits]. Arbeids- og velferdsdirektoratet.
https://data.nav.no/fortelling/utviklingstrekkfolketrygden/kapitler/helserelaterte_ytelser.html
70% of new work assessment allowance recipients come from sickness absence. 80% of new disability pensioners come from work assessment allowance. Unresolved sickness absence statistically tends to become permanent exclusion.
Oslo Economics. (2022). Samfunnsøkonomisk vurdering av marginalisering og utenforskap [Socioeconomic assessment of marginalisation and exclusion].
Social exclusion costs Norway an estimated NOK 190 billion per year in lost value creation — on top of benefit expenditure.
Statens arbeidsmiljøinstitutt. (2021). Arbeidsrelaterte helseproblemer og sykefravær [Work-related health problems and sick leave]. STAMI.
https://stami.no/arbeidsrelaterte-helseproblemer-og-sykefravaer/
35% of long-term absence is work-related. 15% of all sickness absence episodes are attributable to psychosocial conditions at work.
Dagens Medisin. (2024). Psykososial kvalitet på jobben styrer sykefraværet [Psychosocial quality at work determines sick leave]. Dagens Medisin.
Statens arbeidsmiljøinstitutt. (2016). Arbeidsplassen og sykefravær: Arbeidsforhold av betydning for sykefravær [The workplace and sick leave: Working conditions of significance for sick leave]. STAMI.
Employees with unsupportive management have 50% higher risk of long-term absence exceeding 40 days. Bullying increases the risk of sickness absence, mental health problems and disability pension.
NAV. (2025). Stadig flere blir sykmeldt med en psykisk diagnose — hvem er de? [More and more people are signed off with a mental health diagnosis — who are they?]. Arbeid og velferd.
Among 20-year-olds, 30% of sickness absence is due to mental health issues. Mild mental disorders increased by 145%.
Norsk Psykologforening. (2023). Gode mål, men mangler konkrete tiltak og finansiering [Good goals, but lacking concrete measures and funding].
https://www.psykologforeningen.no/aktuelt/gode-mal-men-mangler-konkrete-tiltak-og-finansiering
Helsedirektoratet. (2025). Psykisk helsevern for voksne — ventetid påbegynt helsehjelp [Mental health care for adults — waiting time for commenced treatment] [Quality indicator].
Waiting time for adult mental health services: 55 days in 2024. Target is 40 days.
Holte, A. (2022). En svinesti av svikt og brutte løfter: Gode råd for en ny opptrappingsplan for psykisk helse [A trail of failures and broken promises]. Psykologisk.no.
Riksrevisjonen. (2021). Riksrevisjonens undersøkelse av psykiske helsetjenester [The Auditor General's investigation of mental health services] (Dokument 3:13 (2020–2021)).
https://www.riksrevisjonen.no/rapporter-mappe/no-2020-2021/undersokelse-av-psykiske-helsetjenester/
Toppe, K. & Mossleth, S. (2025). Representantforslag om å greie ut alternativ til helseforetaksmodellen [Private member's bill on evaluating alternatives to the health enterprise model] (Dokument 8:128 S (2024–2025)). Stortinget.
Røssberg, J. I. (2025, 13 January). Hvorfor får vi så lite ut av pengene i norsk psykiatri? [Why do we get so little out of the money in Norwegian psychiatry?]. Aftenposten.
Norway spends more per capita on mental health care than any other country, with higher densities of psychiatrists and psychologists than anywhere else. Yet waiting lists are long and patients receive too little help.
Arbeidstilsynet. (2025). Kravene til det psykososiale arbeidsmiljøet blir tydeligere fra årsskiftet [Requirements for the psychosocial work environment become clearer from the new year].
The proposals in the party program are grounded in established research. Below we list key academic works that support the most important policy measures.
Sherraden, M. (1991). Assets and the poor: A new American welfare policy. M. E. Sharpe.
https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/csd_research/12/
The foundational work on individual wealth building as welfare policy. Sherraden argues that access to savings structures — not just income transfers — is essential for economic mobility.
Hamilton, D. & Darity, W. Jr. (2010). Can «Baby Bonds» eliminate the racial wealth gap in putative post-racial America? The Review of Black Political Economy, 37(3–4), 207–216.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1007/s12114-010-9063-1
Proposes universal development accounts from birth, scaled by family wealth. Shows that structural wealth building reduces inequality more effectively than income transfers alone.
Zewde, N. (2020). Universal baby bonds reduce Black-White wealth inequality, progressively raise net worth of all young adults. The Review of Black Political Economy, 47(1), 3–19.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0034644619885321
Simulation shows that universal capital accounts from birth would reduce the wealth gap by a factor of 10 over 25 years.
Mills, G., Patterson, R., Orr, L. & DeMarco, D. (2004). Evaluation of the American Dream Demonstration: Final evaluation report. Abt Associates.
The first randomised controlled experiment with individual development accounts. Found that the IDA program increased home ownership by 7 percentage points.
Eriksen, W., Bruusgaard, D. & Knardahl, S. (2020). Leadership quality and risk of long-term sickness absence among 53,157 employees of the Danish workforce. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 62(8), 557–563.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7409772/
Study of 53,157 Danish workers. Lowest leadership quality yielded 61% higher risk of long-term absence (HR = 1.61). Direct evidence base for investing in public sector leadership.
Clausen, T., Framke, E., Christensen, K. B. et al. (2022). Chronic disorders, work-unit leadership quality and long-term sickness absence among 33,025 public hospital employees. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 48(7), 549–559.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10539112/
High leadership quality yielded 27% lower risk of long-term absence (OR = 0.73) among Danish hospital employees. Supports the claim that better leadership in healthcare produces measurable results.
Stenling, A. et al. (2024). Need-supportive leadership behaviors and sickness absence among employees: The mediating role of basic psychological need satisfaction. Applied Psychology, 73(2).
https://iaap-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apps.12523
Shows that leaders who support employees' basic psychological needs achieve lower sick leave. Supports emphasis on leadership development over control systems.
Norwegian National Institute of Occupational Health. (2024). Faktabok om arbeidsmiljø og helse 2024 [Fact book on work environment and health 2024]. STAMI.
https://stami.no/her-er-stamis-faktabok-om-arbeidsmiljo-og-helse-2024/
1 in 3 employees on sick leave report that workplace conditions are the cause. Musculoskeletal and mental health diagnoses account for over 60% of medically certified sick leave exceeding 16 days.
Norwegian National Institute of Occupational Health. (n.d.). Arbeidsforhold som kan påvirke sykefravær: Systematisk kunnskapsoppsummering [Workplace conditions affecting sick leave: Systematic review]. STAMI.
Role conflict, emotional demands, and unsupportive leadership account for approximately 15% of long-term absence. Control over one's own work, control over working hours, and a positive social climate protect against sick leave.
KS. (2024). Avtakende sykefravær mot slutten av 2024 [Declining sick leave towards end of 2024]. KS — Norwegian Association of Local and Regional Authorities.
https://www.ks.no/fagomrader/statistikk-og-analyse/fravar/avtakende-sykefravar-mot-slutten-av-2024/
Medically certified sick leave in municipalities: 8.1% (Q4 2024), vs 5.8% nationally. Kindergartens: 26% above municipal average. Nursing homes: 16% above.
KS. (n.d.). Sykefraværet i kommunal og privat sektor [Sick leave in municipal and private sectors]. KS — Norwegian Association of Local and Regional Authorities.
https://www.ks.no/fagomrader/statistikk-og-analyse/fravar/sykefravaret-i-kommunal-og-privat-sektor/
PROBA analysis for KS: When controlling for gender, age, education, and occupational composition, municipalities do not have higher sick leave than the private sector.
NAV. (2024). Har kvinner høyere sykefravær fordi de oftere er syke? [Do women have higher sick leave because they are more often ill?]. Arbeid og velferd, no. 1/2024.
The gender gap in sick leave is largely due to women being more frequently on sick leave with diagnoses they have higher biological disease risk for — including autoimmune disorders, fibromyalgia, depression, and migraines.
Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training. (2025). Bemanning i barnehagesektoren [Staffing in the kindergarten sector] [Statistical portal]. Barnehagemonitor.
https://www.barnehagemonitor.no/bemanning
An estimated 2,879 qualified teaching positions are lacking to meet the pedagogical staffing norm without exemptions. Only 65% of kindergartens meet the norm. Qualified preschool teachers make up 42.2% of core staff — far below the target of 50%.
Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Simon & Schuster.
https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/bowling-alone-americas-declining-social-capital/
Systematically documents the decline in social capital and civic engagement. The core argument for physical meeting places that rebuild social networks.
Dolan, P. (2022). Social support, empathy, social capital and civic engagement: Intersecting theories for youth development. Children & Society, 37(3).
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/17461979221136368
Links social capital to youth development and civic engagement. Relevant to community centres as arenas for young people.
Leuven, E., Oosterbeek, H. & van der Klaauw, B. (2003). The incentive effects of higher education subsidies on student effort (Staff Reports 192). Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
https://www.newyorkfed.org/medialibrary/media/research/staff_reports/sr192.pdf
Shows that students with some self-financing complete faster. Supports the model of grants as a base plus a progression bonus.
Herbaut, E. & Geven, K. (2024). Effects of performance-based financial incentives on higher education students: A meta-analysis using causal evidence. Educational Research Review, 43.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1747938X24000307
Meta-analysis of 18 randomised trials with 20,286 students. Performance-based grants increase credits earned and improve grades. Direct support for the progression bonus mechanism.
European Commission. (2019). Tax relief for domestic service work (ROT and RUT): Sweden. European Platform Undeclared Work.
https://ec.europa.eu/social/ajax/BlobServlet?docId=21736&langId=en
EU report documenting the effect of Sweden's ROT deduction on formalising undeclared work in the construction industry.
Ghent, A. C. & Kudlyak, M. (2011). Recourse and residential mortgage default: Evidence from US states. The Review of Financial Studies, 24(9), 3139–3186.
https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhr055
Analysis of mortgage default in US states with and without personal liability. Strategic default was 30% more likely in non-recourse states. Foundation for the discussion on limited liability.
Statistisk sentralbyrå. (2024). Økte renter og konsekvenser for husholdningenes inntekt [Increased interest rates and implications for household income].
The share of households with interest costs exceeding 15% of gross income rose from 4.2% in 2022 to 14.5% in 2023. Couples with children paid an average of NOK 66,000 more in net interest costs.
OECD. (2021). Mortgage finance across OECD countries (Working Paper 1693). OECD Publishing.
Comparison of mortgage markets across OECD countries. Shows that countries with high floating-rate shares have a stronger interest rate channel in monetary policy, but higher household vulnerability.
Rojas, Y. (2022). Financial indebtedness and suicide: A 1-year follow-up study of a population registered at the Swedish Enforcement Authority. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19).
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9548947/
People burdened by debt had 2.5 times higher suicide risk than the general population after one year — independent of unemployment, welfare, criminality, depression and mental illness. Debt is an independent risk factor.
Hughes, E. & Hermansen, A. S. (n.d.). Selvmord og betalingsproblemer [Suicide and payment problems]. OsloMet.
https://www.oslomet.no/forskning/forskningsnyheter/selvmord-kvinner
Norwegian register-based study (2009–2018, 5,014 suicides). Women with payment problems had twice the suicide risk. Norway's action plan for suicide prevention does not mention debt as a risk group.
Regjeringen. (2025). Endringer i gjeldsordningsloven: Spørsmål og svar [Changes to the Debt Restructuring Act: Q&A].
Debt Restructuring Act simplified from 1 January 2025. Requirement for self-help attempt removed, applications increased by nearly 50% in Q1 2025.
Bruegel. (2023). National fiscal responses to the energy crisis [Dataset].
https://www.bruegel.org/dataset/national-policies-shield-consumers-rising-energy-prices
European governments earmarked a combined EUR 758 billion in energy support between September 2021 and January 2023.
Alves, P., Nunes, A., Pereira, M. & Fonseca, J. (2024). Cardiovascular risks of simultaneous use of alcohol and cocaine: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(5), 1475.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13051475
74% of cocaine users take the drug together with alcohol. 76% of sudden cocaine-related cardiac deaths involved concurrent alcohol use.
Anthony, J. C., Warner, L. A. & Kessler, R. C. (1994). Comparative epidemiology of dependence on tobacco, alcohol, controlled substances, and inhalants: Basic findings from the National Comorbidity Survey. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2(3), 244–268.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.
Bouchard, M., Hashimi, S., Dawkins, M. & Duxbury, S. (2025). How organized crime adapts to cannabis legalization. Sociological Inquiry.
https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12665
Criminal groups adapted to cannabis legalisation through three strategies: undercutting the legal market on price, shifting to other drugs, and diversifying into other criminal activities.
Brottsförebyggande rådet. (2025). Increased gun violence in Sweden: An overview of gun homicides and shootings 2000–2023.
https://bra.se/publikationer/arkiv/publikationer/2025-01-22-increased-gun-violence-in-sweden.html
Sweden went from one of Europe's lowest to the highest rate of fatal shootings. 317 bomb attacks in 2024 — double the previous year — and 337 shooting incidents.
Brottsförebyggande rådet. (2023). Avhoppare från kriminella nätverk: Hinder och möjligheter.
https://bra.se/publikationer/arkiv/publikationer/2023-05-25-avhoppare-fran-kriminella-natverk.html
The most important factor for successfully leaving a criminal network: geographic distance from the old milieu, combined with a new identity and long-term follow-up.
Business of Cannabis. (2025). What impact has partial cannabis legalisation had on Germany one year on?
Cato Institute. (2021). The effect of state marijuana legalizations: 2021 update (Policy Analysis No. 908).
https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/effect-state-marijuana-legalizations-2021-update
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2025). Drug overdose deaths in the United States.
Crossin, R., Cleland, L., Gisev, N., Boden, J. M. & Nutt, D. J. (2023). The relative harms of new psychoactive substances and established drugs of misuse in New Zealand. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 37(10), 993–1002.
The Economist. (2022, 13 October). It is time to legalise cocaine [Editorial].
https://www.economist.com/leaders/2022/10/13/it-is-time-to-legalise-cocaine
Europol. (2025). EU Serious and Organised Crime Threat Assessment (EU-SOCTA) 2025.
https://www.europol.europa.eu/socta-report
Total revenue from organised crime in the EU: approximately EUR 139 billion. Drugs account for roughly one quarter. Criminal networks are increasingly "poly-criminal".
Folkehelseinstituttet. (2024). Nye tall for narkotikabruk i den norske befolkningen [New figures for drug use in the Norwegian population].
https://www.fhi.no/nyheter/2024/nye-tall-for-narkotikabruk-i-den-norske-befolkningen/
30% of 16–60-year-olds have tried cannabis. Cocaine use among young adults more than doubled: from 2.5% in 2020 to 5.2% in 2024.
Folkehelseinstituttet. (2023). Narkotikautløste dødsfall i Norge i 2022 [Drug-induced deaths in Norway in 2022].
https://www.fhi.no/nyheter/2023/narkotikautloste-dodsfall-i-norge-i-2022/
Approximately 290 overdose deaths per year — 7.1 per 100,000 inhabitants, among the highest in Europe.
Folkehelseinstituttet. (2019). Alkohol i Norge: Forbruk, skader og kostnader [Alcohol in Norway: Consumption, harm and costs].
https://www.fhi.no/rapporter/alkohol-i-norge/
Alcohol-related illness, accidents, violence and lost productivity cost Norwegian society an estimated NOK 22 billion annually.
Gavrilova, E., Kamada, T. & Zoutman, F. (2019). Is legal pot crippling Mexican drug trafficking organisations? The effect of medical marijuana laws on US crime. The Economic Journal, 129(617), 375–407.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12521
Medical cannabis laws reduced violent crime by 12.5% in US border states. Drug-related homicides fell 41%. The effect was stronger than doubling the number of border guards.
Goldstein, P. J., Brownstein, H. H. & Ryan, P. J. (1992). Drug-related homicide in New York: 1984 and 1988. Crime & Delinquency, 38(4), 459–476.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128792038004002
74% of drug-related homicides in New York were systemic — violence inherent in the illegal market itself, not caused by the pharmacological effects of drugs.
Health Canada. (2024). Canadian Cannabis Survey 2024: Summary.
Helsedirektoratet. (2024). SAMDATA spesialisthelsetjenesten: Tverrfaglig spesialisert rusbehandling (TSB).
https://www.helsedirektoratet.no/statistikk/samdata-spesialisthelsetjenesten
Kriminalomsorgsdirektoratet. (2024). Kriminalomsorgens årsstatistikk 2023 [Correctional service annual statistics 2023].
https://www.kriminalomsorgen.no/statistikk-og-publikasjoner/
One prison place in Norway costs approximately NOK 1,050,000 per year.
Kripos. (2024). Nasjonal trusselvurdering: Kriminelle nettverk i Norge [National threat assessment: Criminal networks in Norway].
https://www.politiet.no/aktuelt-tall-og-fakta/tall-og-fakta/trusselvurderinger/
Kripos. (2025). Vold som handelsvare: Trusselbildet fra bestillingsvold i Norge [Violence as commodity: The threat from contract violence in Norway].
https://www.politiet.no/aktuelt-tall-og-fakta/tall-og-fakta/trusselvurderinger/
Lachenmeier, D. W. & Rehm, J. (2015). Comparative risk assessment of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other illicit drugs using the margin of exposure approach. Scientific Reports, 5, 8126.
Laub, J. H. & Sampson, R. J. (2003). Shared beginnings, divergent lives: Delinquent boys to age 70. Harvard University Press.
https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674019294
Turning points for desistance from crime: stable employment, partnership and structured environments — all require social capital that many in criminal milieus lack.
Lopez-Quintero, C., Pérez de los Cobos, J., Hasin, D. S., Okuda, M., Wang, S., Grant, B. F. & Blanco, C. (2011). Probability and predictors of transition from first use to dependence on nicotine, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 115(1–2), 120–130.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.004
Probability of dependence after first use: nicotine 67%, alcohol 23%, cocaine 21%, cannabis 9%. Half of those who became cocaine-dependent did so within four years.
Martins, S. S., Levy, N. S., Mauro, P. M. & Hasin, D. S. (2024). Problematic cannabis use rises in states where drug is legal. Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health.
https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/news/problematic-cannabis-use-rises-states-where-drug-legal
Miron, J. A. (1999). Violence and the U.S. prohibitions of drugs and alcohol. American Law and Economics Review, 1(1), 78–114.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aler/1.1.78
Estimates the US homicide rate is 25–75% higher than it would be without drug prohibition.
NAV. (2025). Bedriftsundersøkelsen 2025: Mangel på arbeidskraft [Business survey 2025: Labour shortage]. Arbeids- og velferdsdirektoratet.
Over 7,000 unfilled healthcare positions today. The health and care sector has the largest workforce deficit.
National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence. (2015). Alcohol, drugs and crime.
https://www.ncadd.org/about-addiction/alcohol-drugs-and-crime
National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2024). Drug misuse and addiction.
https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugs-brains-behavior-science-addiction
NRK. (2026, 28 April). To unge svensker siktet for drapet på Økern [Two young Swedes charged with the Økern murder].
NRK. (2025). Tre mindreårige innbrakt etter eksplosjon i Pilestredet i Oslo [Three minors brought in after explosion in Pilestredet, Oslo].
NRK. (2025). Ap, Høyre, Venstre og SV enige om rusreform [Labour, Conservatives, Liberals and SV agree on drug reform].
Nutt, D. J., King, L. A. & Phillips, L. D. (2010). Drug harms in the UK: A multicriteria decision analysis. The Lancet, 376(9752), 1558–1565.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6
Overall harm score (0–100): alcohol 72, heroin 55, crack 54. Harm to others: alcohol 46, heroin 21. Alcohol is the most harmful drug overall.
Ojanperä, I., Kriikku, P. & Gergov, M. (2023). Cocaethylene cardiotoxicity in emergency department patients with acute drug overdose. European Journal of Emergency Medicine.
Okrent, D. (2010). Last call: The rise and fall of Prohibition. Scribner.
https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Last-Call/Daniel-Okrent/9780743277044
None of the major Prohibition-era criminals moved into legal employment when alcohol was re-legalised in 1933. They shifted to gambling, extortion and eventually drugs.
Pani, P. P., Trogu, E., Ferraro, L. & Musio, G. (2022). Cocaethylene: When cocaine and alcohol are taken together. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 28(35), 2881–2889.
Politiet. (2025). Politiets trusselvurdering 2025 [Police threat assessment 2025].
https://www.politiet.no/aktuelt-tall-og-fakta/tall-og-fakta/trusselvurderinger/
Politiet. (2026). Politiets trusselvurdering 2026 [Police threat assessment 2026].
https://www.politiet.no/aktuelt-tall-og-fakta/tall-og-fakta/trusselvurderinger/
Portland State University. (2024). Final report: Exploring impacts of Measure 110.
https://www.pdx.edu/homelessness-research-policy/measure-110
Public Health Agency of Canada. (2025). Trends in cannabis-attributable hospitalizations and emergency department visits in Canada, 2015–2024.
Rahman, A. & Paul, M. (2023). Delirium tremens. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
Regjeringen. (2024, 7 October). 2,8 milliarder til gjengpakke 2 mot ungdoms- og gjengkriminalitet [NOK 2.8 billion for gang package 2 against youth and gang crime].
Rijksoverheid. (2025). Controlled cannabis supply chain experiment (Wietexperiment).
https://www.government.nl/topics/drugs/controlled-cannabis-supply-chain-experiment
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2023). National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2022.
https://www.samhsa.gov/data/release/2022-national-survey-drug-use-and-health-nsduh-releases
Skatteetaten. (2025). Arbeidslivskriminalitet: Omfang og inntektstap [Labour market crime: Scale and revenue loss].
Statistisk sentralbyrå. (2024). Straffereaksjoner: Type reaksjon og lovbruddsgruppe [Criminal sanctions: Type of sanction and offence category] [Statistics].
42% of all drug offence cases resulted in imprisonment in 2023.
Statistisk sentralbyrå. (2023). Framskrivinger av arbeidsstyrken og sysselsettingen [Labour force and employment projections].
Norway will be short 28,000 nurses and 4,500 doctors by 2035.
Statistics Canada. (2024). Cannabis in Canada: Selected highlights from the Canadian Cannabis Survey.
https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-data.html
Share of Canadians buying cannabis legally: from 23% in 2018 to 71% in 2023. Black market reduced to 29%.
Stortinget. (2021). Rusreformen — opphevelse av straff for bruk av narkotika [The drug reform — abolition of punishment for drug use] (Sak 83557).
https://www.stortinget.no/no/Saker-og-publikasjoner/Saker/Sak/?p=83557
Torvik, F. A. & Rognmo, K. (2011). Barn av foreldre med psykiske lidelser eller alkoholmisbruk: Omfang og konsekvenser [Children of parents with mental illness or alcohol abuse: Prevalence and consequences] (Rapport 2011:4). Folkehelseinstituttet.
https://www.fhi.no/publ/2011/barn-av-foreldre-med-psykiske-lidelser-eller-alkoholmisbruk/
Approximately 90,000 Norwegian children have at least one parent with an alcohol use disorder. 16% of adults report problematic alcohol use in their childhood home.
Transform Drug Policy Foundation. (2025). Drug decriminalisation in Portugal: Setting the record straight.
First 15 years: overdose deaths fell from 76 to 10 per year. New HIV diagnoses among injecting users fell from 1,287 to 16. From the 2020s the situation deteriorated as treatment services were not maintained.
Transform Drug Policy Foundation. (2024). Heroin-assisted treatment in Switzerland: Successfully regulating the supply and use of a high-risk injectable drug.
https://transformdrugs.org/publications/heroin-assisted-treatment-in-switzerland
Over 20 years of heroin-assisted treatment in Switzerland: overdose deaths −64%, new HIV infections −65%, new heroin users −80%, home burglaries −98%. Net saving of approximately EUR 6,000 per patient per year.
Van Amsterdam, J., Nutt, D., Phillips, L. & van den Brink, W. (2015). European rating of drug harms. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 29(6), 655–660.
VG. (2025). Skytingen på Rommen: Flere personer pågrepet [The Rommen shooting: Several persons arrested].
Werb, D., Rowell, G., Guyatt, G., Kerr, T., Montaner, J. & Wood, E. (2011). Effect of drug law enforcement on drug market violence: A systematic review. International Journal of Drug Policy, 22(2), 87–94.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.02.002
14 of 15 studies found that increased drug law enforcement was associated with increased violence.
The figures in the party program are drawn from the sources above and reproduced in good faith. Some figures have been rounded or aggregated for readability. Where estimates rather than exact figures are used, this is marked with 'approx.' or 'roughly'. We encourage readers to consult the primary sources for full documentation. If you find any errors, please contact us — we will correct them.
All images on this website are used under the Pexels licence, which permits free use without attribution. We credit the photographers nonetheless:
| Photographer | Used on |
|---|---|
| Zachary Baltimore | Front page |
| Ashok Kapali | Party Program |
| Felix Rottmann | Implementation Plan, Education |
| Simi Williamson | About |
| Avonne Photo | Job Satisfaction |
| Ahmet Yuksek | Capital Account, "263 Billion" (article) |
| Daniel Shipilov | Economy |
| Roemag | Community Centre, Health |
| Barnabas Davoti | Family |
| Marcelo Camargo Santos | NAV and Police |
| Suju | Re-education |
| Boris K | "Who Bears the Risk?" (article) |
| Tobias Bjørkli | "The Money, the Violence and the Drugs" (article) |
| Nunzio Guerrera | Health, Re-education and default image |